[BusinessWeek] Business Week. "Artificial
Life Simulation Software"Business Week. 75 . 26 February 1996.
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Abstract: Software developed at New Mexico's Santa Fe
Institute uses 3-D satellite maps of a geographical region and
software "agents" that model such variables as
weather and crop yields to study why an ancient Native
American culture collapsed suddenly in the 12th century. The
artificial-life simulation software, called Swarm, produces a
generic modeling tool for studying ecological systems,
economic theories and other complex
systems.
[Corey:1997] John Corey. "Inside the Santa Fe Institute"Business Week. 23 June 1997.
[McBride:1998] Dennis K. McBride . "In the Land of the Blind, the
One-Eyed Man is King"Complexity. 2. 1998 . 32--35 .
[Morris:1999] Richard Morris . "Chapter 8: Swarm"Artificial Worlds: Computers, Complexity
and the Riddle of Life . Plenum Trade . New York, London. 1999.
[Panepento:2000] Peter Panepento. "The Perfect Swarm"Computerworld. August 14, 2000.
[Parrish:Edelstein-Keshet:1999] Julia K. Parrish and Leah Edelstein-Keshet . "Complexity,
Pattern and Evolutionary Trade-Offs in Animal Aggregation"Science. 99-101 . 5411. 2 April 1999. special issue of Science. on
`Complex Systems'; mention of Swarm in context of modeling
aggregation in biological systems.
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Abstract: One of the most striking patterns in biology is the
formation of animal aggregations. Classically, aggregation has
been viewed as an evolutionarily advantageous state, in which
members derive the benefits of protection, mate choice, and
centralized information, balanced by the costs of limiting
resources. Consisting of individual members, aggregations
nevertheless function as an integrated whole, displaying a
complex set of behaviors not possible at the level of the
individual organism. Complexity theory indicates that large
populations of units can self-organize into aggregations that
generate pattern, store information, and engage in collective
decision-making. This begs the question, are all emergent
properties of animal aggregations functional or are some simply
pattern? Solutions to this dilemma will necessitate a closer
marriage of theoretical and modeling studies linked to empirical
work addressing the choices, and trajectories, of individuals
constrained by membership in the group.
[Petzinger:1998] Thomas Petzinger Jr.. "Looking to Give Executives A Living Computer"Wall Street Journal. 24 July 1998.
[Sorensoen:1998] Eric Sorensen. "Making sense of
complexity"Seattle Times. 5 May 1998.
[Wright:1997] Giles Wright . "Rise and
Fall"New Scientist. 2102. 4 October 1997.
Media press